DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE PSYCHOLO essays

DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE PSYCHOLO essays Kagan et al. (1978) defined attachment as: An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow. The first attachment we form is widely accepted by psychologists as being crucial for healthy development since it acts as a prototype for all future relationships, and though affectionate relationships may be established with any consistent caregiver, the most intense relationship occurs between child and mother/ or other main caregiver in the early stages of development. Socialisation is therefore essential to forming this type of relationship, bonding. But this is a two-way thing. Both child and mother have to be able to relate to each other, both must have the necessary skills needed. When either lacks the skills then attachment will be weaker or not occur at all. Even a newborn infant will interact with its mother, it will cry, smile, have eye contact and root therefore encouraging response from the mother. The child develops its attachment gradually. From 0-3 months is the pre-attachment phase, showing the infants preference for humans over other objects. Preferential looking and social smiling shows this. The indiscriminate attachment phase occurs from 3-7 months, distinguishing people and allowing strangers to handle it. From 7-9 months we see the discriminate attachment phase, where the infant develops specific attachments to certain people and shows distress on separation from them. Lastly we have the multiple attachment phase from 9 months onwards. Increasing independence allows the formation of other bonds despite the stronger prior attachments. There are four main theories on attachment, psychoanalytical, learning theory, ethological and cognitive. Many psychologists have explored all these theories. Freud, who believed that infants attached to people who satisfied their oral ...

8 Eroding Inflectional Endings

8 Eroding Inflectional Endings 8 Eroding Inflectional Endings 8 Eroding Inflectional Endings By Mark Nichol English once, like many other languages, laden with inflectional endings experienced an erosion of inflection hundreds of years ago, but sometimes it seems as if shaving influences are at work again. Here are eight examples of words that are part of standing phrases that are, at least in colloquial usage, undergoing alteration. 1. Barbed wire Many people, mishearing or not paying attention to this phrase when it is spoken aloud, or hearing it mispronounced, write or call it â€Å"barb wire.† The fencing material consists of wires with barbs, yes, but the default format for expressing that wire is barbed is to write or say â€Å"barbed wire.† 2. Corned beef The same truncation occurs with this name for beef that is corned. Corned, in this case, refers to the fact that corns, or large grains, of salt are used to preserve the meat. (Corn originally referred to any small, hard particle, then to grains, and then, in the United States, to a specific grain formerly called maize.) As the meaning of the adjective slips into obscurity, however, the meaningless â€Å"corn beef† may prevail. 3. Dome/domed stadium These references to roofed athletic facilities are interchangeably correct; one refers to the type of stadium, the other to the manner in which they are built. 4. Fine-tooth/fine-toothed comb Both descriptors for a comb with fine, or small, closely spaced, teeth are valid; surprisingly, however, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online list only â€Å"fine-tooth comb,† though the other form would appear to be the â€Å"proper† one. Other resources list â€Å"fine-toothed comb,† but that usage seems to be in the minority. 5. Iced tea As with the mispronunciation or mishearing of â€Å"barbed wire† and corned beef† as â€Å"barb wire† and â€Å"corn beef† and their resulting misspelling, â€Å"iced tea† is often clipped to â€Å"ice tea,† which makes no sense; ice is been added to the tea, so it has been iced. (This name clarifies that the tea is not being served hot, as is traditional.) 6. Long-stemmed roses Yet again, a misunderstanding results in a variant of a standard description. Roses cut with long stems have long been called long-stemmed roses, but â€Å"long-stem roses† is also seen. Either way, because â€Å"long† and â€Å"stem(med)† do not constitute a standing phrase, the two words should be hyphenated together. 7. Stained glass window â€Å"Stain glass window† is a rare erroneous usage; the window is made of stained glass, not stain glass, so the -ed ending is required. However, because â€Å"stained glass† is a standing phrase (found in the dictionary), the words need not be hyphenated before the noun. 8. Skim milk/skimmed milk Like the preference of â€Å"fine-tooth comb† over â€Å"fine-toothed comb,† the ascendancy of â€Å"skim milk† over â€Å"skimmed milk† (at least in the United States; the latter form is preferred in British English) is anomalous but well attested. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Six Spellings of "Long E"Show, Don't Tell